In brief
- While institutional investors balk at Bitcoin's volatility, many have dived in to staking and lending.
- Staking and lending services are offering more consistent yields than holding currency alone.
- But it's still early days, and there are teething problems with hacks and bug fixes.
Over the last week, Bitcoin’s price has oscillated between all-time-highs and sharp sustained losses. The same can be said for many other projects in the cryptocurrency space.
While the volatility makes for thrilling viewing, when it comes to managing investor portfolios, this sort of yo-yoing has led some institutional investors to conclude that the cryptocurrency market is too hot to handle right now.
But such an assumption would be ignoring some of the more promising financial products and services that are emerging from the Web3 space. Chief among them are staking and lending projects that offer more consistent yields than the currencies they are built on.
What is Staking?
Staking is a financial term that’s fairly unique to the cryptocurrency markets. In a nutshell, as an investor you agree to stump up the crypto you invest in a specific network to help the network validate transactions. In exchange for doing that, you earn rewards, typically in the form of tokens.
The key to staking is a consensus mechanism known as proof of stake. Bitcoin and many other blockchains rely on a consensus mechanism called proof of work. In this system, miners expend huge amounts of computing power to solve a puzzle that helps the blockchain validate all the transactions inside a block. The first to solve the puzzle earns the reward.
What is Proof of Stake? How it Differs From Proof of Work
Mining cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin is an energy-intensive business. But it doesn’t have to be. Bitcoin, and other cryptocurrencies such as Dogecoin and Litecoin, secure their networks using the proof-of-work (PoW) consensus mechanism. An alternative consensus mechanism used by cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum is called proof-of-stake (PoS), which radically reduces the blockchain’s carbon footprint. In this article we’ll explore what consensus mechanisms are, and how proof-of-stake differs fr...
While this is a robust and secure way of keeping a blockchain running, all the computational power expended by all the miners that didn’t solve the puzzle is ultimately wasted. This is why some commentators say proof of work is “inefficient” and why you might see headlines saying Bitcoin uses as much energy as Chile.
In a proof of stake blockchain however, the mining process is different. Instead of machines competing to solve a puzzle, the network assigns a miner, or node, the right to perform the validation work depending on the amount or stake of tokens that node currently has.
Once the node is given the nod by the network, it can get to work validating transactions. Once it solves the problem, it's rewarded with tokens, and the stake is returned back to the investors.
What is Bitcoin Mining and How Does It Work?
Bitcoin mining is the process by which blocks of transactions are added to the public blockchain and verified. It’s also the process by which new Bitcoin is created—a mechanism that both secures the integrity of the blockchain and incentivizes participation in the network. Miners compete to add new blocks to the blockchain. Mining Bitcoin demands a substantial commitment on the part of miners; it’s a costly, time-consuming task, and one that’s necessary for the cryptocurrency to work and for peo...
Like with mining pools, groups of stakers often get together to form staking pools to make the chances of being selected higher, and the rewards more consistent.
At the time of writing, there is more than $100 billion locked in staking, with the biggest staking networks including Polkadot, Cardano, Avalanche, and Eth 2.0, according to Staking Rewards, a blockchain data tracking company.
What’s the difference between Staking and Lending?
While staking helps secure a network, lending allows investors to passively earn interest to help facilitate trading.
Several DeFi, or decentralized finance companies offer the ability to lend your crypto to other traders and earn interest as a result. At the time of writing, there is more than $20 billion invested in lending companies like Maker, AAVE and Compound.
These companies create lending pools that investors deposit the relevant currencies into. The pools then create an interest rate, and that interest is accrued daily. The rates vary, depending on which currency is being leant. According to DeFi Rate, a lending monitoring platform, interest rates range from fractions of a percent to as high as 30% in some cases.
Lending pools are what contributed to 2020’s DeFi boom as new lending networks sprung up offering huge returns for investors willing to put their crypto in their hands. But there are some pitfalls when it comes to staking and lending.
Stake with Caution
Staking and lending do have their downsides. With staking, the network’s volatility, and longevity could have a serious impact on your investment.
As rewards are paid out in the token of the network, a sudden drop in the network’s value means your asset’s value drops with it. If you decided to stake your coins in a network that gets hacked, the value of your investment could also go down.
DeFi: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Decentralized Finance
Decentralized finance, or DeFi, sits at the white-hot center of the recent crypto bull run. DeFi is crypto’s big thing at the moment, a little like how Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) were all the rage back in 2017. Back in June 2020, just $1 billion was locked up in DeFi protocols, according to metrics site DeFi Pulse. By January 2020, "DeFi degens" had poured over $20 billion worth of cryptocurrencies into DeFi smart contracts. What is DeFi? So what is this powerful, wild beast known as DeFi?...
If the network suddenly becomes less popular that too could have an impact. As we’ve covered before, SushiSwap, a clone of the decentralized lending platform Uniswap offered enormous incentives for users to stake $SUSHI, the project’s native token as a backstop to creating liquidity on the exchange.
When the project’s anonymous creator pulled $14 million from the company’s balance sheet, the price of the token crashed 70%.
While SushiSwap is not a proof-of-stake blockchain, it did use the concept of staking as a way of creating guaranteed liquidity to allow trading to function by paying lenders a slice of trading fees.
When it comes to lending companies, they too are susceptible to similar issues that projects face in the cryptocurrency space: bugs and hacks.
Last year, two hackers borrowed nearly $1 million dollars from bZx, a decentralized margin trading platform via a vulnerability in one of the contracts that managed the lending and of digital assets. Before the network could realise what had happened, the hackers had made off with $350,000. In fact, bZx was hacked no fewer than three times in 2020.
DeFi Protocol bZx Hacked For Third Time, Loses $8 Million
bZx, a decentralized finance lending protocol, has been hacked for the third time this year, resulting in the loss of over $8 million in user deposits. This reportedly represents 30% of the total value locked in the bZx protocol. Decentralized finance, or DeFi, continues to grow apace in the crypto industry. The attempt to create decentralized financial instruments separate from traditional centralized institutions has been surging in the crypto industry—but DeFi is not without its problems. Th...
A month after the first bZx exploit, lending platform Maker, with about $1.4 billion of loans, was rocked by a sudden drop in the price of Ethereum. Because of a quirk in how the smart contract managing the platform interpreted the drop, some 1,200 lenders saw their positions suddenly liquidated, despite safeguards put in place by Maker to protect lenders against sudden market falls.
That has led to a slew of companies offering insurance against smart contract failures that are used by lending platforms like Maker. One such company is London-based Nexus Mutual, which offers companies insurance packages in the event a smart contract fails and they have to pay out.
Despite blockchain's promise of self-organizing financial institutions, both buyers and lenders still want a safety net in place in case the unthinkable happens.
This post was created in partnership with Saidler & Co.
Sponsored post by Saidler & Co.
Learn More about partnering with Decrypt.
